The three-dimensional graphics (3D, 3 Dimensions) - computer graphics section, covering algorithms and software for operating facilities in three-dimensional space, as well as the result of such programming. Most used to create images in architectural visualization, cinema, television, computer games, printed matter, as well as in science. It could be for example: 3d wallpaper, 3d animation, 3d car racing games, 3d backgrounds, 3d art, 3d illusions and many others.
Three-dimensional image is different from building a flat geometric projection of three-dimensional models of scenes on a computer screen using specialized programs.
In this model can match as a real-world objects (cars, houses, hurricane, asteroid) and be fully abstract (projection of four-dimensional fractal).

To obtain three-dimensional images requires the following steps:
* Simulation - the creation of a mathematical model of scenes and objects in it.
* Rendering - construction projection in accordance with selected physical model.

Simulation
In the stage may participate the following types of objects:
* Light sources;
* Geometric primitives - sphere, cube, cone, as well as the body, described square and cubic equations;
* Frames (en mesh) - groups of related "butt" triangles that form the illusion of a body or surface environment;
* Environment liquid in the glass, gases, for example, the air in the atmosphere, smoke;

There are conceptually more complex types, such as the distortion of space or a system of particles.
The challenge of three-dimensional modeling - to describe these objects and place them on stage using geometric change in accordance with the requirements for the future image.

Rendering
At this stage, mathematical (vector) spatial model turns into a flat image. If you want to create a film, the sequence to render such images, one for each frame. As data structure, the image on the screen presented a matrix of points where each point is defined by at least three numbers: the intensity of red, blue and green. Thus converts a three-dimensional rendering of vector data structure in a flat matrix of pixels. This often requires very complex calculations, especially if you want to create the illusion of reality. The simplest type of rendering - is to build the contours of the models on a computer screen using projection, as shown above. Usually this is not enough and we need to create the illusion materials facilities, as well as to calculate the distortion of these objects through transparent media (for example, the liquid in the glass). There are several rendering technology, often integrated together. For example:
* Z-buffer (used in the OpenGL and DirectX);
* Scanline - calculation of color pictures of each point of building a beam from the perspective of the observer through the imaginary hole in the screen pixel on the ground that "the scene" before crossing from the first surface. Color pixel will be the same as the color of that surface.;
* Raytracing - the same as Scanline, but specifies the color pixel by constructing additional rays (reflection, refraction, etc.) from a point of intersection sight beam;
* Global Illumination (en global illumination, radiosity) - calculation of the interaction of surfaces and environments in the visible spectrum of radiation with the help of integral equations and others.

The most popular rendering systems include:
* PhotoRealistic RenderMan (PRMan)
* Mental Ray
* V-Ray
* FinalRender
* Brazil
* BusyRay
* Turtle
* Maxwell Render
* Fryrender
* Indigo_Renderer
* LuxRender
* YafRay
* POV-Ray

The most advanced achievements and ideas of three-dimensional graphics (and computer graphics at all) reported and discussed at the annual symposium SIGGRAPH, traditionally held in the United States.

Software
Software packages to produce three-dimensional graphics, that is to model objects and create virtual reality on the basis of these models images are very diverse. Recent years have been steady leaders in this area are commercial products: such as Autodesk 3DS Max, Maya, Newtek Lightwave, SoftImage XSI and relatively new Rhinoceros 3D, Cinema 4D or ZBrush. In addition, confidently gaining popularity and outdoor products distributed freely, for example, a full package of Blender (and allows the production models, and subsequent rendering) and Wings3D (only the creation of models with the possibility of their subsequent use of other programmers).

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